Implikasi Bantuan Uni Eropa terhadap Indonesia: Suatu Analisis Pembangunan Internasional dan Keamanan Lingkungan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37950/ijd.v4i1.206Keywords:
Foreign Aid, Indonesia, Environmental Security, Development, European UnionAbstract
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze EU foreign aid for development and the environment. To achieve this goal, the author describes the EU-Indonesia diplomatic relations in development and the environment and the implications of foreign aid for Indonesia’s environmental policy. This paper uses qualitative research methods by exploring indirect data sources derived from documentation studies and searching data through the internet. The theory used in this paper is Dependency Development Theory and Environmental Security. This paper finds that foreign aid from the European Union poses a dilemma for Indonesia, where on the one hand foreign assistance is needed for environmental development and maintenance, as well as poverty alleviation and socio-political inequality at the current global level. On the other hand, the strengthening of foreign aid in developing countries, especially in Indonesia, has led to Indonesia’s dependence on the European Union. Several foreign aids have been prioritized for the maintenance of Indonesia’s biological resources, which are one of the lungs of the world. This certainly has a positive impact in the midst of other types of impacts that are increasingly massive developments in developed countries which have negative effects on the environment.
Keywords: Foreign Aid, Indonesia, Environmental Security, Development, European Union.
Â
Abstrak
Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bantuan asing Uni Eropa bagi pembangunan dan lingkungan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penulis memaparkan mengenai hubungan diplomatik Uni Eropa-Indonesia dalam pembangunan dan lingkungan dan implikasi bantuan asing bagi kebijakan Indonesia di bidang lingkungan. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggali sumber data tidak langsung yang berasal dari studi dokumentasi dan penelusuran data melalui internet. Teori yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah Teori Pembangunan Dependensia dan Keamanan Lingkungan. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa bantuan asing dari Uni Eropa memberikan dilemma bagi Indonesia, dimana pada satu sisi bantuan asing diperlukan bagi pembangunan dan pemeliharaan lingkungan, serta pengentasan kemiskinan dan ketidaksetaraan sosial-politik di level global saat ini. Namun di sisi lain menguatnya bantuan asing di negara berkembang khususnya di Indonesia menimbulkan ketergantungan Indonesia terhadap Uni Eropa. Beberapa bantuan asing justru diprioritaskan bagi pemeliharaan sumberdaya hayati Indonesia yang menjadi salah satu dari paru-paru dunia. Hal ini tentunya memberikan dampak positif di tengah-tengah jenis dampak lainnya semakin massifnya pembangunan di negara-negara maju yang menimbulkan efek negatif bagi lingkungan.
Kata Kunci: Bantuan Asing, Indonesia, Keamanan Lingkungan, Pembangunan, Uni Eropa.
References
OECD. (2014). Aid to developing countries rebounds in 2013 to reach an all-time high.
Arvin, M., & Barillas, F. (2002). Foreign Aid, Poverty Reduction and Democrac. Applied Economics, 34, 2151.
Arvin, M., Dabir-Alai, P., & Lew, B. (2006). Does Foreign Aid Affect the Environment in Developing Economies? Journal of Economics Development, 31(1), 63-71.
Chao, C., & Yu, E. (1999). Foreign Aid, the Environment, and Welfare. Journal of Development Economics, 554.
Chowdhury, A., & Sugema, I. (2005). How Significant and Effective Has Foreign Aid to Indonesia Been? ASEAN Economic Bulletin.
de Steiguer, E. (2006). The Origins of Modern Environmental Thought. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Delegasi Uni Eropa untuk Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam dan ASEAN. (2013). Kerjasama Pembangunan UE-Indonesia: Mitra Sejajar. Jakarta: Delegasi Uni Eropa untuk Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam dan ASEAN.
DeLong, J. B., & Eichengreen, B. (1993). The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program. In R. Dornbusch, W. Nolling, & R. Layard, Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. (pp. 189-230). Massachusetts: MIT Press. .
Easterly, W. (2008). Reinventing Foreign Aid. London: The MIT Press.
European Comission. (2019). The EU: a leader in global climate finance. European Comission.
European Union. (2000, February 2nd). Commission proposes closer EU relations with Indonesia. Retrieved from An official EU website: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_00_98
Führer, H. (1972). The Story of Official Development Assistance.
Hunt, M. (2014). The World Transformed 1945 to the Present. New York.
IMF & OECD. (2003). External Debt Statistics: Guide for Compilers and Users, Official development assistance (ODA) . Washington DC.: IMF.
Jong, H. N. (2020). Experts see minefield of risk as Indonesia seeks environmental deregulation. Mongabay Environmental News.
Jorgensen, K. E., Aarstad, A. K., Drieskens, E., Laatikainen, K., & Tonra, B. (2015). The SAGE Handbook of European Foreign Policy. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
Juselius, K., Møller, N. F., & Tarp, F. (2013). The Long-Run Impact of Foreign Aid in 36 African Countries: Insights from Multivariate Time Series Analysis. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics., 167.
Laferrière, E., & J.Stoett, P. (1999). International Relations Theory and Ecological Thought: Towards a Synthesis. New York: Routledge.
Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics. London: The University of Chicago Press, Ltd.
Mawdsley, E., Savage, L., & Kim, S.-M. (2013). A ‘post-aid world’? Paradigm shift in foreign aid. The Geographical Journal, 1-12.
McCormick, J. (1995). The Global Environmental Movement. London: John Wiley.
Miller, J. R. (1997). Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population. TED Case Stuides.
Morgenthau, H. (1962, June). A Political Theory of Foreign Aid. The American Political Science Review, 56(2), 301-309.
Nielson, P. (2012). EU Aid: What Works and Why. Helsinski: ReCom UNU.
O’Neill, K. (2009). The Environment and International Relations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
OECD. (2019). Aid in Support of Environment. Reporting System database.
Okereke, C. (2008). Global justice and neoliberal environmental governance: ethics, sustainable development and international co-operation. Oxon: Routledge.
Opršal, Z., & Harmácek, J. (2019). Is Foreign Aid Responsive to Environmental Needs and Performance of Developing Countries? Sustainability, 1-7.
Paterson, M. (2000). Understanding Global Environmental Politics: Domination, Accumulation, Resistance. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-53677-7
Simamora, A. P. (2009, December 9). Indonesia vows 700Mt gas emission cut by 2020. Copenhagen.
Tarp, F. (2006). Aid and Development. Swedish Economic Policy Review, 13, 9-61. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13171/
Tørstad, V., & Sælen, H. (2018). Fairness in the climate negotiations: what explains variation in parties' conceptions? Climate Policy.
UNDP. (2005). Human Development Report 2005: International Cooperation at a Crossroads: Aid, Trade and Security in an Unequal World. New York: United Nations Development Program.
Vernengo, M. (2004). Technology, Finance and Dependency: Latin American Radical Political Economy in Retrospect. Technology, Finance and Dependency, 1-21.
Verschaeve, J., & Takacs, T. (2013). The EU's international identity: the curious case of the OECD. In H. Dewaele, & J.-J. Kuipers, The emergence of the European Union's international identity. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.
Vida, J. (2014). Rate of deforestation in Indonesia overtakes Brazil, says study. The Guardian.
Wati, V. O., Apresian, S. R., & Dewi, E. A. (2019). The Collaboration Between Indonesia and Pacific Island Countries in Facing Environmental Challenges. Bandung.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with International Journal of Demos (IJD) agree to the following Open Access terms:
- Authors transfer the copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- 4.0 International License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
