Hukum Yang Hidup dalam Masyarakat dan Tantangan Penegakan Hukum Pidana Persetubuhan Anak di Wilayah Manggarai Timur

Abstract

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bentuk dan karakteristik tindak pidana persetubuhan anak di Manggarai Timur, mekanisme penegakan hukum yang diterapkan, serta berbagai tantangan yang dihadapi dalam proses penegakan hukum pidana. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif empiris dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan sosiologis. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan yang didukung analisis praktik penegakan hukum di masyarakat. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan teori penegakan hukum, teori perlindungan anak, dan teori hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat (living law). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindak pidana persetubuhan anak umumnya terjadi dalam hubungan sosial yang dekat antara pelaku dan korban serta dipengaruhi oleh relasi kuasa, faktor sosial ekonomi, dan rendahnya kesadaran hukum masyarakat. Penegakan hukum telah dilaksanakan melalui sistem peradilan pidana yang melibatkan kepolisian, kejaksaan, dan pengadilan, namun belum berjalan optimal. Hambatan yang dihadapi meliputi keterbatasan aparat dan fasilitas pendukung, kuatnya pengaruh hukum adat, stigma terhadap korban, serta kesenjangan antara norma hukum dan praktik sosial. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa faktor struktur hukum, substansi hukum, dan budaya hukum belum berjalan secara sinergis, sementara perlindungan terhadap korban anak masih terbatas. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa penegakan hukum pidana terhadap tindak pidana persetubuhan anak di Manggarai Timur belum efektif, sehingga diperlukan penguatan kapasitas aparat, sarana pendukung, sinergi antara hukum negara dan hukum adat, serta sistem perlindungan korban yang lebih komprehensif.

Kata Kunci: penegakan hukum pidana, persetubuhan anak, perlindungan anak, living law, Manggarai Timur.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the forms and characteristics of the crime of child sexual intercourse in East Manggarai, the law enforcement mechanisms implemented, and the various challenges encountered in the criminal law enforcement process. The study employed an empirical normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and sociological approaches. Data were collected through a literature review supported by an analysis of law enforcement practices within the community. The analysis was conducted using law enforcement theory, child protection theory, and the theory of living law. The findings indicate that child sexual intercourse offenses generally occur within close social relationships between perpetrators and victims and are influenced by power relations, socio-economic factors, and the low level of legal awareness among community members. Law enforcement has been carried out through the criminal justice system involving the police, prosecutors, and courts; however, its implementation has not yet been optimal. The challenges encountered include the limited capacity of law enforcement officers and supporting facilities, the strong influence of customary law, stigma against victims, and the gap between legal norms and social practices. The analysis reveals that the legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture have not functioned synergistically, while protection for child victims remains inadequate. This study concludes that criminal law enforcement against child sexual intercourse offenses in East Manggarai has not been effective. Therefore, strengthening the capacity of law enforcement agencies, improving supporting facilities, enhancing synergy between state law and customary law, and developing a more comprehensive victim protection system are necessary.

Keywords: criminal law enforcement, child sexual intercourse, child protection, living law, East Manggarai.